Short-term studies have explored the immediate impact of LEA, mainly in young sedentary females. Findings suggest that LEA disrupts hormonal and metabolic markers, leading to impaired reproductive function, disruptions in bone metabolism, increased hunger, reduced resting metabolic rate, and decreased muscle protein synthesis. However, its effect on aerobic performance remains inconclusive due to study duration limitations.
Cross-Sectional Studies on LEA
Cross-sectional studies comparing populations exposed to LEA with non-exposed populations support the triad and RED-S models. These studies indicate that LEA can cause various complications, including reduced bone density, impaired reproductive and immune function, cardiovascular and metabolic issues, gastrointestinal problems, and impaired performance. Nevertheless, the duration of LEA exposure and potential confounding factors require further investigation.
Complications of Low Energy Availability
LEA is associated with several complications, such as reduced bone density, impaired reproductive and immune function, and compromised performance. These adverse effects highlight the importance of addressing LEA to maintain overall health and optimize performance.
Limitations of Cross-Sectional Studies
Cross-sectional studies, although informative, have limitations due to their lack of control. This restricts our understanding of the effects of moderate LEA exposure. Future research should focus on exploring this aspect in more detail.
Moderate Exposure to LEA and Physical Capacity
Case studies have provided insights into the effects of short-term LEA exposure in specific training-nutrition interventions. These studies demonstrate that well-planned interventions can lead to weight loss while improving aerobic capacity and strength. However, it is crucial to avoid chronic or extreme weight-loss practices and ensure appropriate macronutrient intake.
Conclusion
Understanding the impact of LEA on health and performance is crucial. Short-term studies reveal immediate effects, while cross-sectional studies support long-term complications associated with LEA. Although moderate LEA exposure remains less understood, case studies indicate positive outcomes through well-designed interventions. Prioritizing proper nutrition and avoiding extreme practices can help individuals optimize their training and performance while maintaining overall health. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of LEA's effects and develop comprehensive guidelines for managing energy availability in different contexts.
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Scientific references
- Areta JL, Taylor HL, Koehler K. Low energy availability: history, definition and evidence of its endocrine, metabolic and physiological effects in prospective studies in females and males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2021;121:1–21.
- De Souza MJ, Nattiv A, Joy E, Misra M, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, et al. 2014 Female Athlete Triad Coalition Consensus Statement on Treatment and Return to Play of the Female Athlete Triad: 1st International Conference held in San Francisco, California, May 2012 and 2nd International Conference held in Indianapolis, Indiana, May 2013. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014;48:289–289.
- Langan-Evans C, Germaine M, Artukovic M, Oxborough DL, Areta JL, Close GL, et al. The Psychological and Physiological Consequences of Low Energy Availability in a Male Combat Sport Athlete. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2021;53:673–83.
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- Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, et al. International Olympic Committee (IOC) Consensus Statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): 2018 Update. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2018;28:316–31.